DESCRIPTION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF WORLD WIDE WEB,URL ,WEB BROWSER ..AND WORKING PRINCIPLE OF IT......

DESCRIPTION OF WORLD WIDE WEB:

Definition of world wide web:

www  is another way of describing about internet.

WORLD WIDE WEB(www)  is group internet sites interconnected by means of hypertext  and provides  audio,video ..in addition to graphics.


The  complete system of interlinked documents that uses  protocol  like http protocol that availed on the internet  and documents that are accessible to users through a web browser.......



cOllectively all the webpages on the internet are linked with each other ..it also includes  different kinds of documents and graphical media content... 

Internet resources are retrieved using http protocol...

WWW CONSTITUTES

WORLD WIDE WEB PROVIDES LARGE AMOUNT OF INFORMATION THAT IS REQUIRED

WORLD WIDE WEB IS FOR THE FOLLOWING  PROVIDING INTERNET,
SEARCH
BROWSER SUPPORT
ONLINE
WEB
HYPERTEXT(INTER LINKED DOCUMENTS)

WORLD WIDE WEB

                   Description of  HTTP:

 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) .

 The HTTP protocol forming the basis of today’s Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee.

who also helped to create the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and who once stated that the World Wide Web is actually a universe of network-accessible data.







                                DESCRIPTION OF URL

                   (UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR):

URL STANDS FOR UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR...PREVIOUSLY IT WAS UNIVERSAL RESOURCE LOCATOR..


It is the address of a web page .. Each page has a unique web address(url)..

BY this the computer  locates the web page (i.e., pages will be on the server) that we want to find on the internet ....

example of url:
http://www.gmail.com/inbox.html
gmail is the domain name
com is the commercial extension
inbox.html  refers to specific page...

DESCRIPTION WEB BROWSER AND TYPES OF WEB BROWSERS:

Definition of web browser:

web browser  is basically a computer program 
(or)

web browser is group of programs with a graphical 

user interface for displaying html,jsp,asp files used 

to navigate from one link to other around the world 

wide web (or) internet.

"A WEB BROWSER IS A SOFTWARE APPLICATION"
used for retrieving and presenting the information 

from various information resources on the world 

wide web... 


An information resource is identified by URL/URI.

URI ---UNIFORM RESOURCE IDENTIFIER
URL ---UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR


Resource may include web pages,images,videos or other piece of contents...

HYperlinks also present in the resources...Which help users to easily and quickly navigate their browsers to the related resources... 


Although web browsers are mainly intended to  use the world wide web,they can also  be used to access  information provided by web servers  in private networks or the files in file  system...

EXAMPLES OF BOWSERS:

• IE (INTERNET EXPLORER) BROWSER

                                              ------(FOR WINDOWS PC)

•  
• CHROME (GOOGLE CHROME) BROWSER

                             ------(FOR WINDOWS PC)

• 
  
• OPERA MINI BROWSER

                   ----(BOTH FOR PC AND MOBILE USERS)

• 
  
• SAFARI BROWSER

       ----- (FOR MAC(MACINTOSH)  AND
APPLE IOS(IPHONE OS))

• 
  
• NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR 

                       ---(FOR WINDOWS OLD VERSIONS)

• ECLIPSE BROWSER.

• MOZILLA FIREFOX BROWSER

                ------(FOR UNIX AND LINUX OS)

conclusion:

thus with url having unique address to website.. and  the browser software application  retrive what ever information  required from the world wide web......

SIGNIFICANCE and WORKING PRINCIPLE OF INTERNET,NETWORK,SERVER, INTERNET PROTOCOL,HTTP,FTP,IP ADDRESS

                  DESCRIPTION REGARDING

                                                                                                 SIGNIFICANCE  AND USAGE OF  INTERNET,

NETWORK,

SERVER

                   INTERNET PROTOCOL,HTTP,FTP

                  IP ADDRESS .......

what is the mean of Internet and how it works:



A global computer networking that providing variety of information and communication facilities


Basically internet is collection of interconnected networks (global system) that uses standard internet protocols(Tcp/ip) suite to serve large number of people on the world wide ...

''Tcp(transfer control protocol)'',

''ip(internet protocol)''.


Internet consists collection of millions of files embedded in server.

Internet carries vast information resources and services like inter-linked hypertext documents(html)
of world wide web and large infrastructure to support   electronic(emails) and contents ...

html:
hypertext markup language..

A html is collection of  tags of presentational ,structural.

A web page collection of  text,graphical content..



Definition of  Network:

Interconnection of computers that vshare information like send,receive,remotely connected with each other is called network.. 

Internet is a network of networks that consists of 
millions of private,public,government,commercial networks of local(national) and global scope(international)......that are linked by a large cables (optical network) and electronic devices like hubs,routers ....and large number of servers.


Definition of server:

server is basically a computer program..
that provides  services for various computers that are connected on a network..... 
OR 

SERVER is a computer program that provides services to other computer programs (users) in same computer or other computers.... 

A computer with server program excutes  on it is also referred as server ....



client/server programming model: 

A server is a program that awaits(waits for some time) and fulfills the  requests  from the clients or client programs in the same  or   else  in different computers...


A computer can behave like client which sends requests for services from other programs and also
as a server of requests from other programs....





Definition of web server:

A web server is the computer program that serves requested Html pages or files. 

A Web client is the requesting program associated with the user.Normal  these clients uses Html requests.... and receive http responses...

 The Web browser in your computer is a client that requests HTML files from Web servers....


ex:email note on the web,web page...

Definition Internet protocol(ip):

Ip stands for internet protocol...


Internet protocol(ip) is the method or protocol by which data is being sent from one computer to another computer on the internet....


The task of internet protocol is delivering packets(information)or transferring information of from source to destination....

internet protocol is used to connect  to the internet(inter connected network)


In these a device or system  is connected  based on the  ip address...

Definition INTERNET PROTOCOL  (IP)ADDRESS:



           INTERNET PROTOCOL  ADDRESS IS OF  TWO VERSIONS :

IP V  (INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION)- 4 (16 BITS).
IP V  (INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION)-  6(32 BITS).


Each computer or device  (known to be host on internet) and it will have only single ip address that uniquely identifies  it from all the computers ,devices on the internet...

ip address is a numerical label assigned to each device  participating in a computer network, that uses the internet protocol for communication..... 

ex:modem,routers,COMPUTERS,printers,scanners...

example of ip address:

gmail:  74.350.350.255

normally for routers : 198.162.0.1

EX AMPLE:for websites:172.16.7.8

here in the example
 172  -indicates region
16- indicates area
7 -indicates local partition
8  -particular system or unique address
-

MAXIMUM VALUE OF IP ADDRESS IS 255.

EXAMPLE OF IP ADDRESS :172.16.1.1

TYPES OF IP ADDRESS:

• private ip.

• public ip.

 what is meant by public ip address:

A public ip address is assigned to every computer that connects on the internet...

IP address is unique from one another...

There cannot be same public  ip address of two systems across the internet..

The address scheme that denoted as ip address makes possible to find each other over the internet  and exchange information.

These ip address help to make possibility of exchanging information..

The public address do not involve user ip address assignment (no control of user) as it been given by system..

Public address  are assigned to the  systems internet service provider as soon as it is connected to internet gateway and not by the users.... 

public ip address :

• Static ip address
• Dynamic ip address

A static public  ip address does not change and is used primarily for hosting webpages  over the internet..

A Dynamic public ip address is chosen from the list  of available address and it will be changed it is connected on the internet....

Most of the computer users will have dynamic public ip address which will goes off when disconnected from the internet resource....

Thus it should be reconnected it get ip...

An ip address is said to be private ip address if it reserved for private networks  such As lan(local area network)  networks and  falls on below specified ranges.... 

10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (Total Addresses:  16,777,216)

172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 (Total Addresses: 1,048,576)

192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 (Total Addresses: 65,536)

Private IP addresses :

private ip address are  used for numbering the computers in a private network..

private networs may inclkude like schools,home  ,business ,LAN in airports and hotels ..

By these ip address it provides possibility of systems communication over a network(internet)....

Devices with private IP addresses cannot connect directly to the Internet. 

 computers outside the local network cannot connect directly to a device with a private IP address. 

It is possible to interconnect two private networks with the help of a router ..

Interconnection of networks using appropriate topologies :

• star topology

Mesh topology

Ring topology

hybrid topology...these is done by using routers and hubs....

These technique is called network address translation or network conversation.....

If the private network is connected to the Internet (through an Internet connection by internet service provider(ISP)) .Then each computer will be rendered a private IP as well as a public IP.

 Private IP is used for communication within the network.

 Where as the public IP is used for communication over the Internet.

 Most Internet users with a DSL(digital subscriber line)/ADSL(Asymmetric subscriber line) connection will have both a private as well as a public IP.

Dsl modem/adsl modems....

Dsl is a communication medium  used to transfer digital information over the telephone lines.....

PSTN(public switched telephone network).....

dsl refers network speed...

To know your private ip:           follow the steps:

run->ipconfig

command prompt -> ipconfig..

then you will see  ipv 4   address' that is your private ip address...

Most of the cases it will be 192.168.1.2..

private and public  ip are  always static in nature......

Definition of Ftp(file transfer protocol):



Ftp stands for file transfer protocol 

Ftp is used to share the files on the internet(i.e., uploading files and downloading files)..
The type of files we can share are documents ,text files,images,videos,group of files zipped  under a particular folder.....

uploading a word document on a  computer connected to a network  ...such that all computers can access and share it......

Definition of  HTTp(hypertext  transfer protocol):


Http stands for hyper text transfer protocol ...

http is a system for transmitting and receiving information across the internet..
It's principle is simple request and response procedure that will be on the
medium of internet...

In these information can be sent and exchanged easily,accurately and quickly over the internet..... 

clients the persons whose exchange of information is confidential with a server requires need of security concern to protect information from unauthorised access...

So https came to existence  https stands for secure  hyper text transfer protocol(https)....was developed by netscape corporation to provide authorised access and secured transactions....


Difference between http:// and  https:// is added security.

THe 's' stands for secure ..

MOst public,private ,government  websites uses https://.

So ensure before entering personal  details like credit card number in website that is https that means you have secure mode....your data will be safe.

conclusion:
BY these of all technological advancement in network connections...we are communicate at higher rate and   larger distances.....

MAKING IMAGE AS LINK TO OTHER CONTENTS IN THE WEBPAGE

HOW TO CREATE LINK TO ANY CONTENT IN OUR PAGE AND NAVIGATION TO OTHER PAGES:


HYPERLINKS:

The <a> tag defines a hyperlink, which is used to link from one page to another.

The most important attribute of the <a> element is the href attribute, which indicates the link's destination.

By default, links will appear as follows in all browsers:

GENERALLY IN WEBPAGES:

•  unvisited link is underlined and APPEARS in blue colour..

• A visited link is underlined and  APPEARS in purple colour..

• An active link is underlined and red

<A>: MEANS ANCHOR TAG WHICH IS USED TO LINK RELATED NY USING IT </A>


IN HTML HREF(hyper  link reference)  IS ONE OF THE ELEMENT....



*Making an image in to link is quite easier by make use of  href  element which is used to indicate the destination with anchor A as tag....*

Activating An Image: Turning An Image Into a Link

 I showed you how to create a hypertext link. What it did was create blue words on your page so someone could click on them and then jump to another site. Well, here we're going to set it up so an image becomes clickable or "active." The viewer would click on the image, instead of on the hyperlinked words, to make the hypertext link. I'll make a link to my home page using the image above. Here's the format:

<A HREF="http://www.google.com"><IMG SRC="homepage.gif" ALT="Home"></A>


we can create a link to any content in our webpage...

But it follows some attributes of appropriate..

like:

• Target:is an attribute which to set the target of the to be opened in...it could be either 
•  _blank
• Top,
• Bottom.
• WE CAN LINK BOTH THE TEXT AND IMAGE AS LINK.

PROCEDURE TO CREATE  IMAGE AS A LINK:

<a href="url" target=""> <img src="url"> </a>

"here url mean the source address"
target attribute indicates where to open the image top,bottom or else in same page.....

//program to illustrating inserting image as a link:

//here i have indicated that href="as blank" you can specify your   url to be directed or page u want...

ex:<a href="e:\1.html"><img src="5.jpg"></a>

<HTML>

<HEAD>
<TITLE>MY WEB</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<a  href="blank"  target="top"><img src="C:\Users\Public\Pictures\Sample Pictures\1.jpg" height=100 width=100 border=2></a>

                                                                  click on the image to open the next link

</BODY>

</HTML>


output:

PROCEDURE TO CREATE  TEXT  AS A LINK:

it is similar to insertion of image As link...
just u need write the text in between anchor tag...

<a href="url">some text</a>

//program to illustrating inserting image as a link:

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>MY WEB</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<a href="blank" target="top">click on the image to open the next link</a>
         
     //here i have indicated that href="as blank" you can specify ur   url to be directed or page u want...


</BODY>

</HTML>

output:

conclusion:


Thus by simple href element with anchor tag ...link to pages and images  can be created.....

EXPLANATION ABOUT MARKUP AND ABOUT TAGS IN HTML ....HOW IT IS USED

DESCRIPTION OF TAGS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN HTML:

WHAT IS MEANT BY TAG?

"TAG" in html is nothing but element surronded by angular brackets .

Which indicate the starting and end of content(i.e., text,images,audio,graphic content)....


Description of markup language and explaining various types of markups:

WHAT IS MEANT BY MARKUP?

Markup comprises a set of symbols, or a language, that can be used to provide instructions.

 The use of markup is supported by rules that define the symbols and how they should be used: a specification.

A webpage is created by marking-up content (text, images, etc.) using the HyperText Markup Language (HTML).

The markup provides instructions to the software used for viewing a webpage (web browser) on how the page should look and work.

Html is the hypertext markup language..as everything in html  is indicated with specific set of format or instructions....

Markup content may include text,images,links,graphic contents.....

HTML MARKUP:

To create an HTML document, content is marked-up into information elements.

Specific tags, denoted by characters within angle brackets, are used to signify the beginning, and end of each element.

For example, to tell the web browser that 'hello’ is a heading, the text is marked-up into a heading element, using level-one heading tags.

<h1> Hello</h1> //level -1 heading

The look of the heading, the typeface, type size and colour, are set using a separate, supplementary presentation language: Cascading Style Sheets (CSS).

HTML elements include;

• headings,
• lists,
• tabulated data (tables),
• anchors,
• images, and
• quotations.

Presentational markup:

Presentional tags are used in these ...like

 paragraph tag<p>,

heading tag<h>

,bold tag<b>,

italic tag<i>,

underline tag<u>.....

Although the HTML language specification defines the markup that can be used to create a webpage, the webpage author decides which elements they will use to markup content.

If a webpage author is using software that enables a webpage to be edited visually, rather than at a code level, they may be more inclined to use markup that achieves a visual effect—this is referred to presentational markup.

Heading can be created with different colour ,size,different font and aligned.....

 The appearance of a heading may be created by making text larger, bold and a different colour..

Heading tag<h>:

It is used to make the text as heading..

syntax:

<h1....h6> text to be appeared as heading</h1...h6>

heading tag<h>:

It consists of levels:      

<h1> some text </h1>  //large size text

<h2> some text </h2>   //less than h1 size

<h3> some text </h3>      //less than h2 size

<h4> some text </h4>      //less than h3 size

<h5> some text </h5>       //less than h4 size

<h6>some text</h6>         //less than h5 size

//program to illustrate headings of webpage..

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>MY WEB</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<h1><font size=18 color="red">THe world is so large</h1>

</BODY>

</HTML>

output:

//program illustrating presentational markup....

<HTML>

<HEAD><TITLE>MY WEB</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<p><font size=18 color="pink" style="bold" face="verdana">plants are wealth of nature</p>

</BODY></HTML>

output:

STRUCTURAL MARKUP:

In structural tags we use  ordered and unordered tags.....

The structural markup 

 uses an unordered list element, <ul></ul> and list-item elements, <li></li>

The structural markup 

 uses an ordered list element, <ol></ol> and list-item elements, <li></li>




structural tags <ol> //ordered list

structural tags <ul> //unordered list

structural tags <li> //represents list




<!doctype html> is necessary to know that which type of document it belongs to...

//program to illustrate structural tags

<!DOCTYPE html>    <!..doc type tells about type of the document..>

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>MY WEB</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<ol>

<li>plants</li>  <!..represents ordered list of data..>

<li> wealth</li> 

<li> nature</li>

</ol>

 <br><br>

<ul>

<li>plants</li>  <!..represents unordered list of data..>

<li> wealth</li> 

<li> nature</li>

</ul>

</BODY></HTML>

OUTPUT:

conclusion:

with the use of the presentational  tags,structural tags with markup language... we can text to appear more attractive format.....